(Tugas Softskill) Curriculum Vitae & Application Letter

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Curriculum Vitae:

Application Letter:

Rahmaluttifah//3SA01

(Tugas Softskill) Negotiation

 

What is Negotiation?

Negotiation is a method people use to settle differences. In order to avoid argument and dispute, negotiation is needed to reach the agreement. There will be a negotiation process when each related people have different opinions, here, negotiation will play an important role to find out the best solutions of all.

What are the Negotiation Styles?

1.     Avoiding

This negotiation style is concerned with avoiding intra-personal conflict. It is characterized by sidestepping, postponing, and ignoring the issue or situation. This style of negotiation will be useful when the stakes of a negotiated outcome are not worth the investment of time or the potential for igniting conflict

2.     Accommodating

This negotiation style is concerned with the relationship between the parties. In this style of negotiation, the other side will be easily given concessions in hopes of strengthening the relationship, also will be very thoughtful to the other side which make them to be neglected their own needs, this is because they want to help the other side to get what they want

3.     Compromising

This style is in between accommodating and competing. It will be very useful to use this style when time is a concern or there is a strong relationship between the parties. In order to reach an agreement, this style need concessions from both sides. “Meet in the middle” or “Split the difference” solutions are used in this style.

4.     Collaborating

This style focuses on using problem solving methods to create value and discover mutually satisfactory agreements. Utilizes the creativity of both parties to find solutions to both sides’ interests. This style teds to be assertive about their need and cooperative with the other side.

5.     Competing

This style concerned with achieving their own goals regardless of the impact on others. This style is when one side wants to win the negotiation and the winning will make the think superior than the other side. Negotiation is viewed as a win or lose competition rather than a problem solving activity. In order to achieve their objectives, manipulative tactics such as attacks and threats are often used in this negotiation style.

Negotiation Process

In order to achieve a successful negotiation, a certain approach to negotiation is needed. The negotiation process includes the following steps:

1.     Preparation

The first step is to prepare everything that is needed to do the negotiation. This involves making sure all the pertinent facts of the situation are known in order to clarify your own position. Furthermore, before the negotiation is held, a decision needs to be taken as to when and where a meeting will take place to discuss the problem and who will attend.

2.     Discussion

During the discussion, the representatives of each side pouring their understanding of the situation and discuss it together. It will be helpful to take notes during the discussion or record the whole discussion just in case a clarification will needed in the future.  

3.     Clarifying goals

Each sides must clarify their goals. From the discussion, the goals, interests, and viewpoint of both sides need to be clarified thus future misunderstanding can be avoided. It is helpful to make a list of these things (goals, interests, and viewpoints) in order of priority. This clarification is a way to identify or establish some common ground.

4.     Negotiate Towards a Win-Win Outcome

This stage focuses on seeking for the most comfortable solutions both sides, or win-win outcomes, where both side feel they have gained positive things from this whole negotiation process. Win-win outcome is usually the best result of negotiation. Win-win outcome will be achieved if each of the point of view of both side has been taken into consideration.

5.     Agreement

Agreement can be achieved once all the things that is being negotiate has been cleared and both side feel satisfied with the outcomes. It is essential for everybody involved to keep an open mind in order to achieve an acceptable solution.

6.     Implementing a Course of Action

Based on the agreement, a course of action has to be implemented to carry through the decisions.

What are the Characteristics of Negotiation?

The characteristics of a negotiation are:

1.      There are minimum of two parties involved in a negotiation

2.  Nearly always in the form of face-to-face use of spoken language, gestures and facial expressions.

3.     Negotiation usually concerns things in the future that will come or has not happened and the negotiator wants to happen. Both parties have their own goals that they wish to achieve through the negotiation

4.      There is a clash of goals, that is, some of the goals are not shared by both parties

5.      There is an expectation of outcome by both 
parties in negotiation

6.      Both parties believe the outcome of the negotiation to be satisfactory

7.      Both parties are willing to compromise

8.      Both parties understand the purpose of the negotiation

9.      The end of the negotiation is the agreement taken by both parties, although the agreement is for example both parties agree to disagree.

Effect on Negotiation

A.     Positive effect

ü  In procedural terms, negotiation is probably the most flexible form of dispute resolution as it involves only those parties with an interest in the matter and their representatives. Like any method of dispute resolution, negotiation cannot guarantee that a party will be successful. However, many commentators feel that negotiations have a greater possibility of a successful outcome.

ü  The advantages of negotiation are that it limits the number of players to those involved in the dispute. This allows for a focused approach to problem solving.

ü  Assuming that the parties are negotiating in good faith, negotiation will provide the parties with the opportunity to design an agreement which reflects their interests.

ü  Negotiations may preserve and in some cases even enhance the relationship between the parties once an agreement has been reached between them.

B.     Negative effect

û  A particular negotiation may have a successful outcome. However, parties may be of unequal power and the weaker party (ies) may be placed at a disadvantage.

û  Where a party with an interest in the matter in dispute is excluded or inadequately represented in the negotiations, the agreement's value is diminished, thereby making it subject to future challenge.

û  No party can be compelled to continue negotiating. Anyone who chooses to terminate negotiations may do so at any time in the process, notwithstanding the time, effort and money that may have been invested by the other party or parties.

û  The negotiation process cannot guarantee the good faith or trustworthiness of any of the parties.

û  During the negotiations, in conveying the intentions sometimes there are any arguing with emotion that make the other party angry. Thus, it can lead to split both sides, damage business relationships and, be difficult to negotiate and make a deal in the future.

SOFTSKILL GROUP ASSIGNMENT #6

Asri, Ismadanti, Margaretha, Rahmaluttifah, Stacia, and Talitha

3SA01

(Tugas Softskill) How Technology Affects Communication

Communication plays an important roles in people's lives. Because it allows us to convey what is inside our minds. Communication is mutual exchange of understanding between the sender and the recipient of the message that is being conveyed. The way people communicate has gone through some changes, technology is one and is probably the biggest source of the changes. Technology affects communication in many ways, in this matter, we will only be talking about it positively and negatively.

How Technology Affects Communication Positively

Technology, as stated above, has done many changes to communication. Technology has made our communication more sophisticated. With the never-ending advancement of technology, now we can communicate with people a lot easier than ever before. 

Nowadays, people can easily communicate with others through cellphones. We can call, text, and send email to someone, even though they are very far away from us. On top of that, lately, there are many phone applications which allow us to communicate even easier. All you have to do is press the key lock of your smartphone and open the applications. Moreover, smartphone applications usually provide more services to communicate. For example, we can chat and make a free call in applications such as LINE, Whatsapp, KakaoTalk, BBM and many more. Furthermore, the services are all free of charge, if you have the applications in your phone, all you need is just an internet access.

With the advancement of technology, now, transaction is just a smartphone away. We can shop anything without going out of the house, because there are many online shops in the social media and furthermore, it has its own websites. We just need to visit the websites or the homepages of the online shop we interested and choose the things we want to buy, pay the bill--also by phone, because we can also make an e-banking through our phone--and all set! we just need to wait for the things to be delivered to our house. 

Technology also capable in making people to meet the 'significant ones'. Like lately there have been many online dating platforms (like Tinder) in the internet. That makes online dating happens a lot in our community. Two people can fall in love with each other by exchanging text or chat or call with each other. That makes it easier for people to find the 'significant ones'. There have been many couples, that meet from social media or online dating platforms, that marry each other and have happy marriage life. It is easy to communicate and socialize with people, then it is also easy to fall in love just by such platforms.

The advancement of technology has also simplified the process of socializing. We can just easily keep in touch with those around us by social media, interacting with them through social media. With the existence of social media, we can also express ourselves freely. People can easily let others know about their latest news through social media. Social media can also makes us easier to find our long-lost friend or even family and relatives. 

Communicate with many people is also easier because of technology. Nowadays, to do a 'mass communication' we just have to make a group in social media or application like LINE, Whatsapp, and BBM. We can easily inform a message or news by posting it in the chat room so everyone in the group can read it. We don't have to send the message one by one. Spreading information is also easier than ever before. 

Technology makes it easy for us to do long-distance communication. Now we don't have to send a letter to someone far away by post anymore. We don't have to write a letter, buy stamps, send it to post office, wait some days for it to be received by the person and wait for some more days for the reply. It's a lot more simple now, like everything is done by smartphone all you have to do is open the chatting application send the message through the application and done. The only waiting you have to do is waiting for it to be read by the recipient. No more stamps, no more going to the post office, no more waiting days. It's a lot more effective right? Overcoming distance is easy now thanks to technology.

How Technology Affects Communication Negatively

Everything is made in pairs. This applies to technology as well. The never-ending advancement of technology has positive sides and also negative sides. While technology have done us good, it also can stab us from the back if we don't, it depends on how we use it.

YES we can do all the communication-things by phone, but do you realize that because of the easy-to-do services facilitated by our smartphone, we are becoming more and more dependent to out smartphone. Like it will feel strange to not holding a phone. We even pay attention more to our phone rather than to around us. In my opinion, this habit can lead us to accident, like all kind of accident. A lot of people injured themselves because they are too focused to their smartphone. 

Making a transaction and online shopping is more simple now. But it also potential to be a land of online (internet) fraud. There are many cases happen lately, many people get fraud by an online shopping. Because when you online shop something, it will be processed if you have transferred the cost of the thing and the cost of the shipping. But, in some cases, in cases of online fraud, they will not process your orders. Sometimes they will even change their contacts. So, if you want to online shop, choose wisely and choose only trusted sellers.

Yes social media makes it easy for people to meet the'significant ones'. But, it is actually like 'buying pig in a poke', like you don't know how they truly are all you know is that they are fun to chat or call with. Or sometimes you just want to know more about or interested to them because of their attractive photo of their profile picture. You don't know how they truly are. Are they really is a good person who wants to make friends with anyone or they are bad people who want to take advantage of social media and do online crime? It is good to make friends with anyone and there is no law that forbid you from falling in love with someone you know through social media, but you have to be selective and even more selective than when you are in real life. They are many examples of this kind of cyber crime. This also makes the trust issue phenomenon to raise.

While communicating and socializing is effective, it can also make us to be 'anti-social' in real life. This happens because sometimes, people feel more comfortable talking, communicating, and socializing through social media or by using smartphone, since it doesn't require any real-time and face-to-face interaction, some people find it more comfortable. But without we realize, little by little, it makes our capability in interact with people in rel life to be gone. Like we find ourselves uncomfortable to interact with people around us, we find ourselves to be very awkward socializing with people. This also can lead to social isolation because people tends to spend more time playing with their smartphone rather that interacting with people directly. It makes us less and less social in real life. Like it will be very upsetting to have many friends in social media but no friends in real life. Social media friends are not really friends because they don't know you well.

The conclusion is, technology has done good to our way of communication, technology makes everything easier for us to communicate and socialize. It also help us to overcome distance, but in the other side, technology also has negative effect in the way we communicate, the most visible effect is that our quality to communicate with people in real life is reduce and we become less and less social. Everything has two sides, positive ones and negatives. It is goes the same with technology, it is up to us what sides we choose to act on. technology has changed communication for the better if we use it wisely and smartly.

Why Listening Is Such A Big Challenge For Some People?

I think, listening is not something easy to do. Even though everyone can be listener, but only few can be a good listener. Sometimes, it take a wise person to be a good listener. I think listening is such a big challenge for some people because, people tends to hear what they want to hear. if the story they listen is interesting for the, then they will pay attention to it. And also people tends to listen to the story that they relate to. In my opinion, people likes to speak about the rather than listening to other's stories. 

Sometimes it is also because the lack of concentration of the listener. So, they act like they are listening while actually they are not. Actually they are thinking some other things. Their minds goes somewhere else. People also likes to jump to conclusion. Like, the speaker is not done yet with the story but they just take the conclusion without hearing the full story of it, and worse, they just cut off the speaker, that is the worst actually (at least for me). And sometimes people just not in the mood to listen, so instead of listening they are doing something when the speaker is speaking. I personally thing listen is as important as reading. Some people fail at something because they are fail to listen. "One of the most sincere forms of respect is actually listening to what another has to say"-Bryan H McGill

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